/opinions/HTMLFiles/SC/25780.htm

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
In The Supreme Court

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Jerry B. McWee, Petitioner,

v.

The State of South Carolina, Respondent.

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ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

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Opinion No. 25780
Heard September 23, 2003 - Filed January 27, 2004

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WRIT DENIED

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John F. Hardaway and Melissa Jane Reed Kimbrough, both of Columbia, for Petitioner.

Attorney General Henry Dargan McMaster, Chief Deputy Attorney General John W. McIntosh, and Assistant Deputy Attorney General Donald J. Zelenka, all of Columbia, for Respondent.

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JUSTICE BURNETT: Petitioner, a death row inmate who has exhausted his state remedies, seeks a writ of habeas corpus contending the denial of his request for a parole eligibility charge at trial was a violation, which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice. Butler v. State, 302 S.C. 466, 468, 397 S.E.2d 87, 88 (1990) (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted). We deny the writ.

FACTS

Petitioner was convicted of murder and armed robbery and was sentenced to death. His direct appeal was affirmed. State v. McWee, 322 S.C. 387, 472 S.E.2d 235 (1996), cert. denied 519 U.S. 1061, 117 S.Ct. 695, 136 L.Ed.2d 618 (1997). His application for post-conviction relief was denied and this Court declined to issue a writ of certiorari to review that decision. Petitioner received no relief from the federal courts, see McWee v. Weldon, 283 F. 3^rd 179 (4^th Cir.), cert. denied 537 U.S. 893, 123 S.Ct. 162, 154 L.Ed.2d 158 (2002), and has now filed this petition for a writ of habeas corpus in this Courts original jurisdiction. See Butler v. State, supra.

Petitioners habeas petition involves the trial courts refusal to give a parole eligibility charge during the penalty phase of petitioners capital trial. Prior to jury voir dire, petitioners attorneys inquired whether the trial judge would instruct the jury that petitioner would be parole eligible after service of thirty years. The trial judge indicated he would give such a charge. At the beginning of the penalty phase, however, the trial judge stated he would not instruct the jury on petitioners parole eligibility. Accordingly, during his initial charge in the penalty phase, the trial judge told the jury that the terms life imprisonment and death penalty were to be given their plain and ordinary meanings. After some deliberation, the jurors inquired whether a defendant who received a life sentence was required to serve a minimum number of years before becoming eligible for parole. The trial judge reiterated the plain and ordinary meaning charge. Petitioner again requested the jury be instructed as to his parole eligibility; the judge again denied the request.

On direct appeal, petitioner argued the trial judges refusal to give the parole eligibility charge was a violation of his due process and Eighth Amendment rights. The Court held the issue was not properly preserved for review since petitioner failed to assert any constitutional basis for the charge at trial. State v. McWee, supra. Nevertheless, the Court addressed the merits of petitioners claims, ruling that because petitioner was eligible for parole, his due process rights were not infringed. [1] In addition, the Court held petitioners Eighth Amendment protections were not violated. Finally, the Court found that petitioner failed to demonstrate any fundamental unfairness as the result of the trial judges ultimate decision not to give a parole eligibility charge.

ISSUE

Does the denial of petitioners request for a parole eligibility charge warrant the grant of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus?

ANALYSIS

Habeas relief will be granted only for a constitutional claim rising to the level of a violation, which in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice. Green v. Maynard, 349 S.C. 535, 538, 564 S.E.2d 83, 84 (2002), quoting Butler v. State, supra. [N]ot every intervening decision, nor every constitutional error at trial will justify issuance of the writ. Id. A writ of habeas corpus will only be granted under unique and compelling circumstances. Id. Habeas corpus is available only when other remedies are inadequate or unavailable. Gibson v. State, 329 S.C. 37, 495 S.E.2d 426 (1998).

The Court has previously reviewed and denied petitioners present claim. In his direct appeal, the Court determined petitioners failure to receive a parole eligibility charge was neither a violation of due process nor the Eighth Amendment. State v. McWee, supra. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals concurred in its denial of petitioners federal habeas application. McWee v. Weldon, supra. No controlling constitutional law has since been created holding otherwise. See Shafer v. South Carolina, 532 U.S. 36, 121 S.Ct. 1263, 149 L.Ed.2d 178 (2001) (whenever future dangerousness is at issue in capital sentencing proceeding under South Carolinas sentencing scheme, due process requires jury be informed that life sentence carries no possibility of parole). There is simply no constitutional requirement that a parole eligible defendant receive a parole eligibility instruction.

The current case is both factually and legally distinguishable from Butler v. State, supra, where habeas relief was granted. After Butler was tried, his direct appeal affirmed, and his application for post-conviction relief denied, the Court issued several decisions stating a defendants Fifth Amendment rights are violated if the trial judge pressures a defendant into testifying. See State v. Cooper, 291 S.C. 332, 353 S.E.2d 441 (1986); State v. Pierce, 289 S.C. 430, 346 S.E.2d 707 (1986); State v. Gunter, 286 S.C. 556, 335 S.E.2d 542 (1985).

Subsequently, Butler filed a habeas petition on the basis the trial judge had coerced him into testifying. [2] The Court noted Butler seeks to take advantage of constitutional principles recognized after his trial, appeal, and exhaustion of state post-conviction relief proceedings. Butler, 302 S.C. at 468, 397 S.E.2d at 88. The Court stated:

We caution that not every intervening decision, nor every constitutional error at trial will justify issuance of the writ. Rather, the writ will issue only under circumstances where there has been a violation, which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice. Although we do not condone the delay in calling this grave constitutional error to our attention, under the unique and compelling circumstances of this case we grant petitioner relief.

Id. (italic in original) (internal citation omitted).

The Court granted Butler extraordinary relief. It emphasized the trial judge was unaware Butler was mentally retarded and it expressed concern that Butler may not have understood the trial proceedings.

Furthermore, this case is dissimilar to Tucker v. Catoe, 346 S.C. 483, 552 S.E.2d 712 (2001), in which the Court granted habeas relief to an applicant after concluding his due process rights were violated by an unduly coercive Allen [3] charge. The Court found it was the combination of the constitutional violation and other circumstances which compelled it to conclude the applicant had been denied fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice.

Petitioner notes that, despite the trial judges plain and ordinary meaning charge during the initial penalty phase instructions, the jury returned with a parole eligibility question. Petitioner suggests that, after his appeal was decided, we created new law holding it is misconduct for a jury to fail to rely solely upon the courts instructions for the law. State v. Harris, 340 S.C. 59, 63, 530 S.E.2d 626, 627 (2000).

It has always been the law that the jury must confine its consideration to the law as given by the trial judge. S.C. Const. art. V, 21 (the judge shall declare the law). [4] On direct appeal, petitioner could have readily challenged the jurys misconduct in considering matters contrary to the trial judges instruction, but he did not do so. Accordingly, the misconduct by petitioners jury does not in the setting - - petitioners trial and its reviews - - constitute a violation shocking to the universal sense of justice.

Put simply, failure to charge the jury that petitioner was parole eligible is not shocking to the universal sense of justice. Clearly, petitioners constitutional rights were not violated by the trial judges refusal to give a parole eligibility charge; moreover, there have been no intervening circumstances by way of new law, after-discovered evidence, or any other alleged fact, which, in the setting, warrants the issuance of a writ of habeas corpus. [5] We deny the petition.

WRIT DENIED.

TOAL, C.J., and WALLER, J., concur. PLEICONES, J., dissenting in a separate opinion in which Acting Justice G. Thomas Cooper, Jr., concurs.

JUSTICE PLEICONES: I respectfully dissent. In my opinion, the denial of petitioners request for a parole eligibility charge at his capital trial was a violation, which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice. Butler v. State, 302 S.C. 466, 468, 397 S.E.2d 87, 88 (1990) (emphasis in original) (internal citation omitted). Accordingly, I would grant the writ of habeas corpus and remand the matter to Aiken County for a new sentencing proceeding.

FACTS

Prior to voir dire, petitioners attorneys asked the trial judge whether he would charge the jury that, were it to find an aggravating circumstance yet recommend a life sentence, petitioner would be required to serve thirty years before becoming eligible for parole. [6] Had petitioner received a life sentence, he would have been seventy-one years old when he first became parole-eligible. Although the trial judge indicated he would give such a charge and the solicitor at one point agreed, the trial judge subsequently informed the parties, prior to the commencement of the penalty phase, that no such charge would, in fact, be given.

The trial judge also denied petitioners attorneys request to voir dire potential jurors regarding their views of parole eligibility for murderers who do not receive a death sentence. Despite the lack of any inquiry, the record reflects that fourteen of the thirty-nine jurors voir dired raised the issue of parole eligibility themselves: five of these fourteen individuals were seated on petitioners jury.

During his initial charge in the penalty phase, the trial judge told the jury that the terms life imprisonment and death penalty were to be given their plain and ordinary meanings. Despite this charge, the jurors returned approximately two minutes after beginning their deliberations asking whether a defendant who received a life sentence was required to serve a minimum number of years before becoming eligible for parole. The trial judge reiterated the plain and ordinary meaning charge. Petitioners attorneys again asked that the thirty-year parole eligibility charge be given, and the judge again declined.

On direct appeal, petitioner argued the trial judges refusal to give the parole eligibility charge was a violation of petitioners Due Process and Eighth Amendment rights. The Court held the issue was not properly preserved for review since petitioner failed to assert any constitutional basis for the charge at trial. State v. McWee, supra. Despite this issue preservation bar, the majority opined that petitioners Due Process rights were not violated since he was not entitled to the charge because petitioner was, in fact, parole eligible.

ANALYSIS

The extraordinary relief afforded by Butler habeas corpus is available to those who have, for whatever reason, been utterly failed by our criminal justice system. State v. Torrence, 305 S.C. 45, 406 S.E.2d 315 (1991). While not every intervening decision, nor every constitutional error at trial will justify issuance of the writ, it will issue where there has been a violation which, in the setting, constitutes a denial of fundamental fairness shocking to the universal sense of justice. Butler v. State, supra.

In this case, petitioner relies on the particular events that occurred at his trial and on the evolution of the law regarding parole eligibility charges to argue that his sentencing proceeding was, in hindsight, fundamentally unfair. Since this is a capital case, the Court must be especially concerned with the reliability of the jurys sentencing decision. As we recognized when granting another capital inmate resentencing upon a Butler petition, the United States Supreme Court has held the qualitative difference between death and other penalties calls for a greater degree of reliability when the death sentence is imposed. Tucker v. Catoe, 346 S.C. 483, 552 S.E.2d 712 (2001) citing Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231, 108 S.Ct. 546, 98 L.Ed. 2d 568 (1988) (internal citations omitted).

Petitioner points to the fact that a number of jurors, sua sponte, raised the issue of parole eligibility during voir dire. He also notes that, despite the trial judges prophylactic plain and ordinary meaning charge during the initial sentencing phase instructions, the jury returned almost immediately with a parole eligibility question. Thus, the record establishes that petitioners jurors began their sentencing deliberations with a discussion of parole eligibility despite being instructed that it was not to be a factor in their decision.

The majority holds that this Court already considered petitioners present claim, and denied it on direct appeal. They characterize petitioners claim as a constitutional requirement that a parole eligible defendant receive a parole eligibility instruction. I agree that this was the Due Process claim the Court considered and rejected on direct appeal, and I agree that petitioner had no constitutional entitlement to such a charge. I believe petitioners current claim is different: Whether the denial of petitioners jury charge request denied him the fundamental fairness guaranteed by the Due Process Clause? I would hold that it did.

The majority goes on to hold that petitioners claim is both factually and legally distinguishable from Butler v. State. I find the differences unremarkable.

In Butler, the Court granted relief in part, because, after Butlers direct appeal had been decided, the Court issued several opinions holding that a defendants Fifth Amendment rights were violated when the trial judge coerced the defendants decision whether to testify. Butler v. State, supra. Here, after petitioners direct appeal had been decided, this Court explicitly held that it was misconduct for a juror to fail to rely solely upon the Courts instructions for the law. State v. Harris, 340 S.C. 59, 530 S.E.2d 626 (2000).

The majority discounts the impact of the intervening Harris decision on petitioners claim, noting that it has always been the law that a jury must confine its consideration to the law as given by the trial judge. The majority finds further support for this long-standing truth in our standard jury charge. Thus, the majority distinguishes the facts upon which Horace Butler received relief from those upon which petitioner bases his claim.

That a defendant could not, consistent with the State or Federal constitutions, be coerced in deciding whether to testify at his criminal trial was well settled before Butler was tried. U.S. Const. amend. V; S.C. Const. art. I, 12; e.g., State v. Gilbert, 273 S.C. 690, 258 S.E.2d 890 (1979). In addition, the standard jury instruction, charged to Butlers jury, has since at least 1892 included language that no adverse inference may be drawn from a criminal defendants failure to testify. State v. Howard, 35 S.C. 197, 14 S.E. 481 (1892).

In my opinion, if this standard jury charge language did not negate the error in Butlers trial, then the standard jury instruction given in petitioners trial that the jury is to follow the law does not vitiate petitioners claim. While it is speculative to assume that Butlers jury disregarded this charge, there can be no doubt that petitioners jury disregarded its instructions. Further, while I recognize that the intervening jury misconduct decision in State v. Harris, supra, did not represent a change in our law, neither did the intervening decisions upon which the Court relied in granting Butler relief. Rather, in Butlers case and in petitioners case, the Courts intervening decisions identified particular acts as a violative of long-standing principles of constitutional law. Finally, it is somewhat misleading for the majority to suggest that petitioner should, or could, have readily challenged the jurys misconduct on direct appeal. His attorneys lodged no such specific objection to the jurys action, and thus no misconduct claim was preserved for that appeal. [7] E.g., State v. Dunbar, ___ S.C. ___, 587 S.E.2d 691 (2003) (issue must be raised and ruled upon to be preserved for direct appeal).

In addition to these unique and compelling circumstances, [8] petitioner also relies upon the General Assemblys amendment of the death penalty statute. S.C. Code Ann. 16-3-20 (Supp. 2002). The amended statute provides that capital defendants are entitled to have their juries charged on parole eligibility or ineligibility. Trial judges must charge parole ineligibility when requested by either the defendant or the State. 16-3-20(A). Further, the statute now provides that In cases where the defendant is eligible for parole, the judge must charge the applicable parole eligibility statute. Id. As petitioner correctly points out, only individuals who committed a murder before 1995 could be parole eligible. [9] Petitioner contends that this provision in the amended statute establishes that the legislature intended a parole eligibility charge be given in cases where a pre-1996 capital murderer is granted a resentencing after the amendments effective date. See also State v. Shafer, 352 S.C. 191, 573 S.E.2d 796 (2002) (Court indicated 16-3-20 is to be given retroactive effect). Upon retrial, petitioner has the absolute right pursuant to 16-3-20(A) to request that his sentencing jury be given accurate parole information.

CONCLUSION

A Butler habeas corpus petition requires that this Court review the merits of the petitioners claim in [its] setting. While Butler relief is not confined to those inmates under a sentence of death, the Court must continue to be mindful when reviewing a claim that a capital sentencing proceeding was fundamentally unfair of the qualitative differences between a death sentence and other criminal punishments, and of the greater degree of reliability the Constitution requires before this sentence may be imposed. Lowenfield v. Phelps, supra; Tucker v. Catoe, supra. I do not suggest that the Court should relax the Butler requirement that the universal sense of justice be shocked before the writ will issue, but merely to emphasize that the setting of this petitioners claim is a capital sentencing proceeding.

In addition to this setting, petitioners case involves incontrovertible evidence of what we now know to be juror misconduct: the jurys injection of parole eligibility into its deliberations in the face of a prophylactic plain and ordinary meaning charge. Further, the General Assembly has now declared that all capital sentencing juries shall, upon request, be charged accurate parole eligibility information. Petitioner has been unrelenting in seeking just such a charge.

On direct appeal, the Court rejected petitioners Due Process claim because he was not entitled under that constitutional provision to the jury charge he sought. The question we are asked to decide now is different: Whether the denial of petitioners jury charge request was, in the setting, fundamentally unfair. Because of the unique and compelling circumstances of this case, I would grant the petition for a writ of habeas corpus. To do otherwise would result in an utter failure of our criminal justice system, which provides for a Butler petition in order to permit this Court a final opportunity to review the fundamental fairness of a criminal proceeding.

I respectfully dissent.

Acting Justice G. Thomas Cooper, Jr., concurs.

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